Okay in this video will be going through.

Disease of the week which is staph aureus.

Name of the pathogen is staphylococcus aureus.

Type of pathogen is that it's a bacteria.

Found in clusters and you can see that in the image over here.

All of the bacteria Marin.

Fox I mean that they are round bacteria.

Gram-positive refers to the type of cell wall that they have will be going into more detail about that next week.

Some other special characteristics is that this particular bacterium.

Can be highly virulent meaning that it can cause disease but it also can be part of our normal flora so it's rather unique in that way and that about a third of the population will carry this bacteria as part of their normal flora.

And some people can get sick from him some people can carry as part of their normal flora and then get sick from it later.

This bacterium is nonmotile which means that it can't move it lacks a flagella.

Some characteristics that allow it to grow on our skin is that it can withstand high salt concentrations.

They can live in really basic or very acidic conditions.

And it can withstand high temperatures in addition to all of those things which make it pretty resilient right it can also remain viable after air drying so this is one of the things that allows it to grow on the skin because our skin is pretty dry so it can withstand all the salt that's in our sweat it can withstand the lower pH from the oils on our skin and I can also withstand the higher temperatures.

That we experience as we go throughout our days.

It also is resistant to some of the disinfectants and antibiotics and so we're going to find that it's a little bit more difficult to treat sometimes if you're infected than other infections and it's difficult if it's on surfaces to clean it was cleaners if it's resistant to those disinfectant.

They can also cause a wide variety of conditions.

So if this bacterium gets in your eye we call that a stye.

If you have a sinus infection that's sinusitis.

If it forms large pimples that's a boy.

Oils that kind of come together and form a larger area of infection are called carbuncles.

And then carbuncles that come together to form really large areas of infection are furuncles.

Endocarditis would be if the bacterial infection.

I can also call cause foodborne illness if it's in our food.

Toxic shock syndrome.

Can develop if the bacterium is growing on things in our body so things typically that it grows on my feet am pain.

More gauze if you have.

Deep wound that's being tapped if the bacteria is growing on them the bacteria will grow on the tampon are on the gauze and then release toxins that's why we call it toxic shock syndrome it releases toxins that can cause your blood pressure to drop in.

Put you at risk of going into shock and die.

If it infects your.

WTI.

If the bacteria is growing in an area of the body and it releases toxins that cause your skin to blister and peel in another area we call that scalded Skin Syndrome.

Scalded Skin Syndrome is a syndrome that develops.

Often if you have a deep wound with this bacterium and it releases toxins that travel to areas like your hands and your feet and cause them to peel.

Osteomyelitis is caused by the bacteria infecting your boat.

MRSA.

Is a staph infection that is resistant to methicillin.

Not all staph infections are MRSA.

If there are genes that the bacteria carriers that make it resistant to the antibiotic.

Classify it as MRSA so you could have a stye.

From regular staph aureus or you can have a stye that's caused by MRSA you can have a boil that's caused by regular staph aureus or that's caused by MRSA.

Folliculitis is infection of the hair follicle.

It's very,.

And impetigo is a common rash that's caused by the bacterium in infecting deeper into your skin and causing like a golden color.

Kind of crusty rash.

Tissue tropism is epithelial tissue so this would include mucous membranes as well as our skin.

There's not a specific life cycle for this so you can cross off lifecycle on your chart.

Transmission for this is again pretty much from anything so person-to-person.

Fomites a person which are objects to people so objects that have the bacterium on them.

I can pass it to us.

So some, some ice would include gym equip.

People aren't wiping gym equipment appropriately it can pass it to you.

Airplane tray tables electronic electric razors.

Electronic devices.

Razors are a big one if you have roommates you should never leave your razor in the shower because if someone uses it and then you use the razor and get a small cut you can pass bacterium from that person to your so.

So it is very common that happens at the college all the time I would say that I have about two students every semester they get a staph infection from somebody else using the razor so if you have a shared shower space keep your razors out of that shared shower space.

You can also acquire best from environment to person so I can be carried in food products and water right even in soil so just make sure that you are in good hygiene.

And animals can also carry.

In the picture of the showing as wild animals and livestock but that could also include domestic animals like dogs and cats could carry this bacterium as well so pretty much everywhere.

Common reservoirs because we can transmit it from pretty much everywhere are animal environment and human so all of them.

In humans the most common place that we have this bacteria if we carry it is in the anterior Nares which is in your nose.

If you live in crowded living conditions like a dorm Barracks prison or go to a date more likely to contract MRSA just because of shared Living Spaces also if used gym equipment or locker rooms maybe you that aren't being cleaned properly you're at greater risk.

Tampon usage and it's not regular tampon uses usage what I mean.

Super absorbent tampons that are left in for a long time.

If you accidentally.

Introduce bacteria to a tampon and you leave it in for a long time.

The blood that the tampon is collecting can serve as a food source and then.

If you leave the tampon in for a long time the bacteria will grow and use that blood is food can cause toxic shock syndrome or scalded Skin Syndrome tampons regularly.

People that are in hospitals and nursing homes are at greater risk.

Healthcare workers.

And consuming any food that's been contaminated with this bacteria as well.

I said those are all the people that are at greatest risk of contracted MRSA that's a pretty large part of the population.

Epidemiology I'm about a third of the population carry staph aureus as part of their normal flora I would guess in a class like ours than a lot of you are healthcare providers that you would.

Have a greater than a third of you that carry.

About 5% of patients in the US.

Since I carry about 5% of patients in the US will pick up a MRSA infection while they're in the.

So the common nosocomial infection.

Patients with staph aureus if it becomes systemic or starts to grow in the blood and you get back to ramie or septicemia I'm about 25% of people will die so this is a highly virulent pathogen if you if it becomes an infection in the blood than you are at 25% risk of dying even if you receive treatment so it's a pretty serious impact.

This particular bacterium infects a wide variety of areas and can cause a large number of diseases some common symptoms would include fever muscle aches.

Vomiting and diarrhea and swelling of lymph nodes in the infected area.

I can also cause you no kind of redness and and heat in the tissues that it's infected.

So what are some key symptoms for different types of infections well if you have folliculitis.

It will cause a bump right around where the hair follicles growing out of the center and the area around that bump will be warm and red.

You can just get some general eyes kind of soft tissue infection which might include things like cellulitis which is infection of the subcutaneous tissue so like the fatty areas or you could just get like abscesses and boils with people often will mistaken for spider bites.

If you have a bump for you can't figure out where.

Where it came from and you think it might be a spider bite if it starts to get hot and red it's more likely a staph aureus infection and you're going to want to watch that because if you're Elysian what happened to burst and ends up being deep you want to make sure that you're getting it treated so if you have email..

Read infection that's not going away it may be staph aureus so we can get all these infections and it could just be regular staph aureus if they test that and it's resistant to methicillin then it is MRSA abscesses and boils could be caused by regular staff or it could be caused by MRSA.

Foodborne illness signs and symptoms for being nausea vomiting cramps with in 32 8:30 minutes to 8 hours of consuming food.

Toxic shock syndrome.

Again shock syndrome means that you are at greater risk for going into shock so you can get severe diarrhea from this and then your blood pressure drops really low when your blood pressure drops low so that can put you into shock which will cause your organ systems to shut and it can cause death.

Other signs that you're that you might be experiencing Toxic Shock Syndrome from wearing tampons too long or from having gauze that's infected.

Would be redness of the eyes and mouth right feeling like kind of hot or like your eyes.

I've been in the sun all day and you haven't.

Stream diarrhea immediately.

Also if you think that you have that you should probably also.

Get rid of the tampon or the guys that you have and then risk to help get help for for the toxic shock as well.

Cellulitis like I said tenderness swelling and warmth in the area of the infection.

The subcutaneous infection so it's going to be those that deep layer below the dermis that contains the fat that has the infection.

Impetigo.

Often comes from gym equipment or if you have an open lesion and the bacteria gets into it so little kids off and we'll get it if they have a scrape on their knee and then the bacteria gets into it and the way that you know that it's a impetigo vs. something else is that you get that honey colored crusty rash and they're showing that in the picture.

On the right side as well.

This image here is a scalded Skin Syndrome so basically what happens is the battery releases toxins that can blister the skin in areas outside of the infection so you might have an infection in your big toe but those toxins are being released at or in your blood system and they could cause the scalded skin appearance in other areas it typically starts as a fluid-filled blister that's very large and then you get these large sheets of skin that just kind of peel off it's because they contain what are called exfoliative toxins and we'll talk about that.

The virulence Factor.

Long term effects if you have a staph aureus infection one time that you were more likely to have them in the future and that's because the bacteria once you're infected with it can get between the layers of the skin and so as new layers of skin surface it can bring with it that bacteria and put your risk of infection in the future.

All right so some people and factors of some pictures of some of these so we're going to make it back and forth a little bit the first is coagulase clots proteins around the bacteria.

This is a good defense mechanism.

For the bacteria because it hides it.

Proteins around bacteria.

This is a good defense mechanism because it hides the bacteria and the clot so the bacteria can grow.

An enzyme that come second along with the Clackamas Aquatic Ellis causes the clot that we're seeing here.

And then it will grow the bacteria will increase and number the second enzyme is called staff flow kinase that goes along with it staff the kinase breaks the clot and releases the bacteria.

This is why we often see really deep wounds when we have a staph infection so it might look like a spider bite or boil it first and then that boil breaks and it's a really really deep infection and so.

The deeper the infection the greater risk you are that it could turn into bacteremia or septicemia do you want to make sure that if it is a staph aureus infection that you're getting a tree.

This particular bacteria can also produce hyaluronidase this enzyme if you look at the blue.

Can break the cell to cell contacts in our skin so that it can infect deeper tissue so this is how it would get down to infect places like the subcutaneous layer to cause the.

Give me like cellulitis.

They can produce exfoliate of toxins these toxins cause skin to peel.

And that's what we see with scalded skin.

It can also be beta-hemolytic this means that it will lice red blood cells.

And the last one that I forgot to include on here is that it also produces heat stable toxins.

These are the toxins that can cause foodborne illness.

So this bacteria is tricky if the bacteria is present in your food.

You can heat the food to kill the bacteria but if the bacteria has been released these heat stable toxins the toxins will still remain in the food even after you've heated.

The food and cooked it so this often is what makes people have foodborne illness because they will cook the food in the bacteria is dead but the toxins are there.

So this is why you always want to keep hot food hot and cold food called try to keep it out of that mid-range temperature bacteria like to grow where it's warm but not super hot so if you keep the hot food the bacteria will not be able to grow because the temperature is too and if you keep cold food called right cold temperatures also keep bacteria from growing so the goal is to not have any of the bacteria present at any point so that you're not getting the toxins being produce.

Diagnosis often comes from Clinical symptoms of the rashes so a lot of the diseases that can cause can be diagnosed simply by observing what you're seeing we can also test the blood Legions you're in Exedra for identification and two important test for this particular bacteria the first is coagulase.

Calculus cause of clumping and we saw that right place is used by the bacteria to cause those.

Spots around itself to protect itself but we can also use that as a diagnostic tool so if the bacteria contains.

Is staph aureus and when it's exposed to plasma the bacteria will cause clumping to accurso clumping or turning the whole thing solid is a positive test for coagulase which would indicate that staph aureus is prayer.

Not very many other bacteria can do that.

This bacteria can also ferment Mannitol in the presence of salt and that's the plate that we're seeing here so the yellow is indicating that it's from entering the Mannitol and that would be a positive test for.

Will be doing this test in Our Lives who get to see how this one.

And I'm finally once staph aureus is diagnosed they should also.

Test it for antibiotic antibiotic resistance to rule out MRSA.

Treatment if your asymptomatic they would not treat you unless you are working around high-risk individuals so sometimes if you are working in places like the NICU or if you're going to have surgery that would put you at risk for having complicated infections they might treat you.

Prophylactically to get rid of the bacteria.

Could also treat you.

They were also treat you by removing the surgical surgically removing some of the tissue that might be infected.

And like I mentioned before removing tampons or packing materials like gauze that might Harbor the bacteria.

I'm antibiotics the type of antibiotics that they use will vary depending on if your staph aureus is resistant to any antibiotics or finding more and more of that it's not just resistant to methicillin but things like Vancomycin as well so they do susceptibility testing to determine what will work best for your individual infection.

No vaccine for this and really the best way to prevent.

Infection from this is just good hygiene so don't share your razors.

When you have bath towels wash after each use.

Especially for somebody that's prone to staph infection so if you have staph infections before remember you're likely to get them again yes you're clean after you get out of the shower but bacteria that are part of our normal flora live underneath the cells of our skin.

As those cells are sliced off the bacteria come to the surface as well you dry yourself with the towel even though you were clean some of that bacteria gets on the towel you now have provided a nice moist warm place for that bacteria to grow on the towel and you're now growing staph aureus on the towel the next time you take a shower if you get a Nick with your razor and you draw yourself with that towel you could reinfect yourself with the bacteria so just make sure that you are using good hot hand hygiene when you're cooking.

Good hand hygiene.

Are good hygiene when you are work using gym equipment clean Services right common sense so this is the list of.

Prevention.

Also if you have an infection keep it covered so that you're not accidentally passing the bacterium to anyone else.

Okay after you have finished copying all the information off of the slide.

You can now use this information to answer the questions in your homework it will focus primarily on MRSA and impetigo.

And there'll be some case studies that you'll work through using this information.